In 1993, studies of male siblings with maternal gay relatives (studies of females are in progress), identified an X-linked (region Xq28) chromosomal association (concordance) in homosexuals.50 The evidence from this study supports a genetic contribution to homosexuality as an X-linked trait inherited from maternal genes. While this small study has not been replicated outside the National Institutes of Health and should be taken as tentative, the study withstood critical independent scientific peer review prior to publication.51 A recent study by Canadian researchers failed to identify the same chromosomal association, although there were some significant differences in the sampling techniques and methods confounding clear cross-comparisons.52 There will likely be more ambiguity in genetic research studies as time goes on because it is still difficult to classify/define one as heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual without simply asking the research subject. And given the varying degrees of social stigma regarding such self-identification, research will remain very challenging.
In addition, anatomical brain studies suggest a physical difference between brain structures in homosexual and heterosexual identified men, particularly in the hypothalamus (although cause versus effect is unclear).53,54 Furthermore, there is evidence suggesting a concomitant role of the prenatal hormone levels (estrogens and androgens) and their concentration ratios as a factor (although not causal) in sexual orientation development.55 Many of these studies are being independently confirmed and future developments are certain to aid in our fledgling scientific understanding.
Homosexuality exists in nearly every species of observed mammals and is in all likelihood irreversibly established in humans at a very early age (probably by age five).56 How genetics and environmental factors work together in forging homosexual orientation is unclear, but a genuine homosexual orientation is not a conscious choice. Furthermore, as a phenomena, homosexual orientation is the natural state of being for a minority of human individuals. There is no evidence to suggest that homosexual orientation is caused by a history of childhood molestation or sexual trauma. Sadly, both homosexual and heterosexual individuals are at equal risk (and rate) for such tragic events.57 In addition, research has not supported the contention that upbringing creates a homosexual person. Homosexual and heterosexual (also known as straight in common idiom) people come from similar family situations. Research on families has consistently invalidated the once popular notion that castrating mothers or "detached and/or hostile fathers" are both necessary and sufficient causes of homosexuality.58
Homosexuality: Another Adventist Point of View - The Science of Homosexuality: What is Known



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